Ngadju Location 

Ngadju is a language of the southern Goldfields region of Western Australia. There are very few speakers and these people are now spread across the Kalgoorlie region through to Esperance. Ngadju is centred around Norseman and east toward Balladonia.

Ngadju Names (past spelling: Ngadjumaya, Ngatjumaya) 

Historical documents refer to the language as Karlaaku, Ngajunka or Ngajunkarra. Ngadju is a Pama-Nyungan language and appears to be of the Mirning/Ngadju family of languages. 

The AIATSIS code for Ngadju is A3. The AUSTLANG database comment: 

‘…maps Ngatjunmaya and Ngatjumay as separate languages but they probably refer to the same language, Ngatjumaya. uses the term ‘Ngadju’ to refer to a ‘mixed’ language consisting of formerly separate dialects: Mirningj , Marlba – which seems to be his equivalent of Tindale’s Ngadjunmaia (A3)- Fraser Range , and Kallaargu . Ngatjumay in appears to be the equivalent of von Brandenstein’s Ngadju. Sue Hanson mentions an unpublished sketch grammar written by Steven Roberts.’

Ngadju Name

A detailed language study of the language was undertaken by GALCAC linguist Dr. Marion Mullin over 2017-18. A phonology and sketch grammar were written and a dictionary which collates lexical items from historical documents cross referenced with speakers. These documents will be uploaded to this website mid 2018 and available. 

As part of that phonological study, workshops were held with speakers and interred Ngadju people to examine the phonemic system and identify which letters should be used to represent the sounds. The writing of a standardised orthography has been approved by speakers and Elders. The alphabet uses the ‘j’ letting for the palatal approximate/glide. Previously, ‘dj’ was used. The approved and standardised alphabet now does not use the ‘dj’ any more. 

However, Ngadju people have requested that the nation’s name stay written as ‘Ngadju’ as it has been widely adopted and recognised as such. For socio-linguistic reasons then, the name of the language and first nations group will continue to be written as ‘Ngadju’ using the ‘dj’ rather than just the ‘j’. This will be the only word in the language to use the ‘dj’ form.

State of the Language

The language is severely endangered, most existing speakers have little grammatical ability but significant lexical knowledge. Ngdaju was poorly documented up until GALC’s work of 2017 and the grammatical analysis was sketchy. Immediate fieldwork has assisted in the recovery and documentation of existing material and has greatly stimulated speakers to remember and potentially revive the language. A large number of partial speakers and people of Ngadju heritage have become very enthusiastic about reviving the language, as a consequence of the linguistic work being undertaken by Dr. Mullin and GALCAC linguists. 

Much material was recorded and documented by von Brandenstein (1980) and further research was carried out on the language by Doug Marmoin (2008). Wordlists were also collected by Norman Tindale, O’Grady (1957), Douglas (1968 and 1976) and Daisy Bates. Steven Roberts carried out a sketch grammar of the language in an undated essay (mid 1990’s?). Brandenstein has written a grammar of the language (von Brandenstein 1980). 

The Ngadju native title determination has also confirmed the status of Ngadju language as forming part of the traditions, laws and customs of Ngadju people.

Current Work on the Language

The first paper on the Ngadju language was released by GALCAC in 2017. . An Introduction to the Orthography and Grammatical Structure of the Ngaju Language was written by Marion Mullin and presented at the Dec 2017 Australian Linguistic Society’s annual conference as a paper. Note: The writing of the language name ‘Ngadju’ was determined by speakers prior to GALCAC’s linguistic work and is fixed using the past orthography with the dj spelling for the current j phoneme. The speakers have requested that the former spelling of the language name be retained. 

Linguist Sue Hanson worked on the collection, analysis and databasing of Ngadju language from 2007 to 2017. 

GALCAC linguist, Dr. Marion Mullin (below at work), worked on the collection, linguistic analysis and databasing of the Ngadju language during 2017.

Linguist Dr. Marion Mullin at work 2017

GALCAC linguist Troy Reynolds has worked on the refining of the Ngadju lexical database since 2022. Troy has since worked on analysis of old recording and re-analysis of written material, to better understand how Ngadju Sentences and grammar works. Several research papers on the findings have been released and are available on this website under ‘Research’ and the below links.

Ngadju Alphabet chart as a free download can be found here

Ngadju Body Parts chart as a free download can be found here

Ngadju film on NITV’s Bedtime Stories. Please note the story teller is deceased.

Marlpa Analysis, analysing Marlpa in comparison to Ngadju, can be found here.

Ngadju Resources

1. 100 Words in Ngadju Poster

This beautiful, full-colour poster features 100 common words. Suitable for the classroom, home, office or anywhere people want to learn and use language.

Available in GALCAC’s online shop or from the Language Centre in Boulder, WA. $15 each.

2. My First Ngadju Alphabet Book 

A lovely alphabet book for  children to enjoy learning the Ngadju alphabet. $10

3. Ngadju Dictionary

This fabulous first edition dictionary was published in October 2023 after many years hard work by Ngadju people. Available from the GALCAC online bookshop or at the Language Centre $50.

4. Research paper – Subordination in Ngadju – A Preliminary Analysis by Joshua van de Ven. Accompanying notes.

5. A Re-analysis of von Brandenstein’s 88 Ngadju Sentences – by Troy Reynolds

6. Ngadju Spatial Morphology – by Troy Reynolds (soon to be uploaded)

7. Ngadju Verbal Morphology – by Troy Reynolds (soon to be uploaded)

8. Rumble in the Great Western Woodlands – The Ngadju Fricative – by Troy Reynolds (soon to be uploaded)

9. Ngadju Alphabet Chart – A beautiful poster for the wall. Available in the online shop or at the Language Centre.

10. Ngadju Body Parts Chart

A beautiful poster for the wall. Available in the online shop or at the Language Centre.

11. Ngadju Kakurtu – Ngadju Language research h work by Troy Reynolds.